Monday, December 28, 2015

Abnormal Behavior in the College Student: Cosplay & Spontaneous Shadow Puppet Theater

If you ask numerous people what their concept of the term “abnormal behavior” is, chances are you will get many different responses. However, in spite of this, the generally agreed upon definition of abnormal behavior is “behavior that deviates from what is commonly accepted in a group or society,” or something along those lines. The problem with this definition is the fact that there is no one defining characteristic that makes a behavior “normal” and readily accepted; what may be acceptable in some circles of life are most certainly not in others. So, for that reason, I conducted some naturalistic observation with my family to see what happens when something that is fairly common in one walk of life steps outside of that circle and is placed into a very different one.
                My first deviant behavior that I chose to engage in will take a little bit of explanation. One of my hobbies is on the strange side of the behavior spectrum, so I thought that it would be a perfect fit for this assignment. This hobby is called cosplay. Cosplay is defined as “the practice of dressing up as a character from a movie, book, or video game, especially one from the Japanese genres of anime and manga,” which is all well and good, but it stretches beyond that. Cosplay is a form of performance art that involves improvisational acting, costuming, special make-up effects, and sometimes even writing and directing if you want to perform as your character for an audience and/or put a video of the performance up on the Internet. People can cosplay wherever they would like, from parks and malls to (far more frequently) anime and comic book conventions where they will more than likely meet other people with the same bizarre hobby they have. However, outside of these conventions, cosplay is not very well understood and it certainly is not very common at all. To outsiders, we are freaks jumping around in strange costumes and sometimes talking in strange accents and languages that they do not understand.
                At this point in my cosplay career, I have almost twelve costumes for various characters from anime, manga, comics, and TV shows that I am passionate about, so that is why I thought cosplay was a good fit for this assignment. I would be able to work with things that I already had on hand, along with being able to do something I absolutely adored outside of the generally accepted circle for doing so. So, in this case, I decided to dress up in my most outlandish costume to date and go out to dinner with my family as if all was normal. In case you are wondering just what this costume entails, here is a snapshot of myself in costume to give you an idea:

As for where and when exactly we opted to conduct this observation, my family and I decided to go to Texas Roadhouse around 7:00 pm, directly in the middle of the dinner rush so that the most people would notice the strange character in their midst. If I had to estimate the number of people who saw me in costume, I would say at least one hundred caught a glimpse, though only a few saw my actual performance in character. Those people would include the eight hosts and hostesses on duty at the time, as well as our server and the bartender across from our table.
The people who saw only the costume appeared very confused and a little weirded out by the appearance of the strange fish-human hybrid that had suddenly appeared in their midst and seemed to have no intention of going away, though the children who saw it were absolutely thrilled. They kept coming up to me and asking me questions about my home world (the character I was playing was an alien), what it was like, how I got to Earth, and a bunch of other questions along the same lines. I, of course, played along and told them all about my “home world” Alternia, how it was a brutal and cruel place, and that I had come to Earth through the invention of a game called SBURB that allowed me to leave and find a better life among the humans here. They adored talking to me about everything and continued to do so until one of the hostesses working came up and told us that our table was ready. Overall, from that area of the experience, I noticed that children are for more willing to accept abnormal things than adults are because they have not already been conditioned into thinking one thing is more normal than an alternative.
The people who interacted with me that were adults seemed amused and intrigued by the whole concept of the story that I was weaving for them, along with the strange mannerisms I brought to the character I was playing. Our server asked at the end of the meal why I was dressed the way I was, and I ended up having to tell her that I was doing it for a psychology project, but before I had to tell her, she played along and was a very good sport about everything.
                My own reactions to playing this character outside of a convention setting were fairly mixed; on the one hand, it was interesting to see how normal people reacted to the whole idea of my character and my costume. On the contrary, it was rather awkward to be stared at and silently judged by the people who did not understand what was going on, or the people who did not actually interact with me. It made me feel somewhat self-conscious that I was going against what was perceived as “normal” by society, as I am an awkward person by nature and I tend to want to fade into the background when I can. During this experiment, I was very much on display and the center of attention, which is not a place where I am used to being. It allowed me to get insanely far out of my comfort zone, and I found that to be a little invigorating. Overall, it is an experience I would definitely participate in again if I had the opportunity.
                The second “deviant behavior” my family and I chose to partake in was something that has occurred naturally in our family more than once: spontaneous shadow puppet theatre. Allow me to explain; someone in my family usually carries a small pocket flashlight with them, whether it be on their key ring or in their purse. Then, whenever inspiration strikes, that person can take out the pocket flashlight, shine it on the nearest wall, and put on a spontaneous shadow puppet show in the light provided by the small instrument. This has been going on for years, and something tells me that this behavior is not going to stop any time soon. When coming up with ideas for this assignment, my father suggested we engage in some spontaneous shadow puppet theatre in the middle of Olive Garden during a celebratory dinner for my mother. Naturally, I agreed immediately, as this behavior may be normal for us, but it is certainly not for other people. We decided that people would probably give us strange looks, that the whole thing would probably amuse some people, and that all of that would be completely worth it.
                When we got to the restaurant early in the dinner rush, we were surrounded by roughly forty people of varying ages, along with our server. We waited until we were half way through eating our salads, and then sprang into action. My father was the one who actually performed the spontaneous shadow puppet theatre act, while I acted as the observer. The children at the table beside our own were delighted, and it appeared that their parents were as well. In fact, everyone in the vicinity seemed entertained by the story my father was weaving using nothing more than light and shadow. Our server told us at the end of our meal that our little stunt had actually made his night, and that he had been having a pretty awful shift until we came along and cheered him up.
                I asked my father once we got home how he had felt as he performed the shadow puppet act, and he told me that he had felt very happy. He had enjoyed making the children beside us laugh, and that he had managed to brighten our server’s night with a little ridiculousness, and he also said that that was what he had hoped would come out of the performance. He also said that, even though we had gotten a few strange looks in the beginning, he no longer cared what people thought and just enjoyed doing what made him and those around him happy. As for my reactions to the whole thing as an observer, it also made me happy to know that someone in my family was making everyone around us so happy. Seeing people laugh and smile because of what my father was doing provided me with a little spark of joy that was actually rather surprising, being that I was just an observer in the whole affair.

                Abnormal behavior is an interesting concept for many reasons, the first and foremost of which is the different variations of what the term “abnormal behavior” means to different people. What is accepted in some social circles can sometimes not be accepted in different circles, and somehow I do not believe that everything is supposed to be accepted in every walk of life. If everything was, we would not have different social circles to begin with; we would not know where we fit as human beings, and that would be a very confusing and disorienting experience because by nature human beings have a carnal desire to belong. If it wasn’t for varying walks of life, we would have no clue where to let our guards down and simply be who we are, and that would be a very sad existence indeed. 

Myth Repeated: Grecian Goddesses and their Comic Book Doppelgangers

    Human beings have always known that life is unpredictable, and often difficult to go through alone; because of this, societies the world over found their own ways of coping with this fact. Some cultures created witches that were responsible for terrible droughts, others developed an idea of a Sun God that caused the sun to rise and set. However, disregarding the variations, one constant remains: the idea of a figure or multiple figures who have always had a hand in deciding what the fate of the human race was going to be. Whether this took place thousands of years ago, hundreds of years ago, or ten years ago is irrelevant. This idea is a powerful one indeed, and it sparked two separate entities to life during separate time periods: gods and superheroes. While the thought process behind these figures may seem fundamentally different, they really serve the same purpose and, in many cases, similar characteristics that allow them to serve this purpose. During the course of this paper, I seek to add fuel to the idea that this is indeed the case by proving that the Gotham City Sirens, modern day superheroes, are similar to the ancient Grecian goddesses Athena, Persephone, and Demeter in terms of character types, as well as their similar roles in their respective societies and cultures.
    Throughout history, people have created stories to explain the world around them and how it functions, and the ancient Greeks were no different. The Greeks created many different gods and goddesses, all of whom encompassed the different aspects and ideas of life as they knew it.l This provided an explanation for things such as seasons, famine, earthquakes, and various other natural phenomena that previously had no explanation. With the idea of gods and goddesses influencing the way the Earth behaved, they could explain away these occurrences as the will of the gods as opposed to terrifying things that they could not control. For example, when the goddess Persephone was stolen away by Hades, her mother Demeter’s preoccupation with searching for her caused a famine that left every crop that the Greeks had grown to die, leaving everyone with no dependable food source.2 This explanation more than likely provided a little peace of mind to those who, otherwise, would have been absolutely devastated by the loss of the crops.
    Along with providing explanation for phenomena that, at the time, could not be explained, the Greek gods and goddesses provided a sense of authenticity and weight to what the government said and did. They also provided a sense of entertainment for the masses in the forms of stories and myths that involved monsters, heroes, action and fantasy, effectively letting people escape into stories instead of dealing with whatever things may be going on in their own lives.3
    In order to connect to the various gods and goddesses, mortal humans assigned each of them certain traits and stories, along with having placed them in a human-like society, to make them more relatable to everyday situations humans were likely to face.4 For example, Athena was dubbed as the goddess of war, justice, skill, wisdom, the arts, and industry.5 Another example of this is Persephone who, due to her association with Hades, was crowned goddess of the Underworld and was responsible for the bringing of the seasons with her visits to her mother Demeter outside of the Underworld.6 Demeter herself was an Earth and fertility goddess who was responsible for caring for the Earth’s plant life.7 These character types, along with many others, allowed people to find a connection with a particular god or goddess and pray to them in times of need.
    Religion was as much a formal idea as it was a personal one, and people certainly practiced both of these ideas. Mark Cartwright states in his article Greek Religion that:
Whilst the individual may have made up their own mind on the degree of their religious belief and some may have been completely skeptical, certain fundamentals must have been sufficiently widespread in order for the Greek government and society to function: the gods existed, they could influence human affairs, and they welcomed and responded to acts of piety and worship.8

These general ideas, combined with a person’s morals, made Greek religion a very easy-to-practice idea. Whether you left a flower on your hearth after saying a prayer to Hestia or paid for a private sacrifice to be conducted in Athena’s honor, you would be able to worship the gods and goddesses of Greece in a very personal way.9
    On a societal level, religion was also very important to priests and common people alike. Festivals in honor of particular gods and goddesses were a very important part of Greek life; so much so, in fact, that warfare was actually prohibited during the events that took place during the large festivals.10 Panathenaia, for instance, is a very ancient festival meant to honor the gods Athena and Erechtheus. Among the festivities were gymnastic contests, boat races, equestrian contests, a musical contest, and more.11 On the final day of the festival, a procession was held that was
…most splendid. It comprised the victors of the games of the preceding days, the pompeis or leaders of the sacrifices, both Athenian and those of strangers, a large quota of cavalry, the chief officers for the army, bearing olive branches, doubtless with their metoikoi as skaphêphoroi following, in later times the ephebi splendidly equipped: while of women there was a long train of kanêphoroi, with the wives and daughters of the metoikoi as their skiadêphoroi and diphrophoroi; then the Athenian people, generally marshalled according to their demes.12

This festival, and many others like it, was simply one way of honoring the gods that citizens felt had done so much for them. Other ways included making a particular god the patron god of your city, such as Helios was for Rhodes, or the creation of a special temple to honor a single god at a particular site, like the Parthenon for Athena in Athens.13
    As far as the emotional relationship between mortal men and the Greek gods was considered, as opposed to how they were celebrated in the physical world, that is a different story entirely. Overall, throughout the mythology that came out of ancient Greece, any relations between man and god were considered fairly civil and possibly even friendly, though severe punishments were doled out to those who showed “unacceptable” behaviors like overzealous pride and ambition. The mythos surrounding the gods and goddesses emphasized the weakness of humans in contrast to the harsh unpredictability of nature and everything it contains, and therefore in contrast to the gods they believed controlled these natural elements; because of this, the Greeks resigned themselves to the fact that they were dependent upon the gods and goddesses’ happiness to survive.14
    Though modern day humans do not look to Greek gods and goddesses to help solve every day problems, we have figures that function in a fairly similar way in our society: superheroes. According to Morrison,
The best superhero stories deal directly with mythic elements of human experience that we can all relate to, in ways that are imaginative, profound, funny, and provocative. They exist to solve problems of all kinds and can always be counted on to find a way to save the day. At their best, they help us to confront and resolve even the deepest existential crises.15

This statement rings true for superheroes, but also strikes a chord with the gods and goddesses of Ancient Greece as well. The gods, according to myth, often took human forms and interfered directly in human activities to manipulate results.16 This idea of interfering in human activities to “save the day,” if you will, is fairly common through both the myths of Greece and modern superhero comics and movies.
    The other connection between the two is the fact that, though they have different methods of doing so, both genres have a habit of looking at pressing issues during their respective time periods; in ancient Greece, the idea of Persephone being kidnapped by Hades provided explanation for the famine that was destroying all the crops.17 In the superhero world, ideas such as sexism and intimate partner violence are both explicitly stated in the text and implied, leaving readers to think about these issues long after they have finished consuming the media encasing the superhero story. When looking at the delivery of messages from both ancient Greek religion and from modern superheroes, they really are not all that different at all; both can incorporate varying art forms to get their point across, ranging from artwork and writing to acting and music to convey a specific idea, and both have been wildly successful in doing so. After all, the myths of ancient Greece managed to influence an entire country with their characters and ideas. As for how superheroes have impacted the modern world, since 2000, thirty-seven superhero movies have been released, ten live-action television shows have aired, numerous animated series created, and independent comic publishers have grown, all of which have increased the demand for superheroes and their narratives. A wonderful example of this idea is Marvel’s The Avengers, which shattered a box office record, making $200.3 million in its debut weekend.18 If that many people are clamoring for the stories that superheroes create, it really speaks bounds about the influence they actually have on modern culture, as well as modern society as a whole.
            Though, looking at superhero narratives through the eyes of a historian, you start to notice similarities between certain figures in the action-packed world of comics and movies and those who ancient peoples worshipped as their gods. However, the most obvious association is between the characters Catwoman, Harley Quinn, and Poison Ivy, also known as the Gotham Sirens, and the ancient Greek goddesses Athena, Persephone, and Demeter resepectively.
In the movie Catwoman, the namesake of the movie bears a striking resemblance to Athena, as she is a pursuer of justice as Athena was the goddess of it. While her motives were not clear after her initial transformation into the feline-antihero, throughout the movie her moral compass strengthens and she becomes a defender of the common people, as shown through her attempt to take down the Hedare Beauty, a gargantuan makeup corporation. Hedare Beauty wished to release an anti-aging product that, if usage was stopped, it would begin to rot away the skin of the wearer, along with other negative side effects. Catwoman began her quest to take them down once she realizes that they were the ones who killed her and spurred her transformation into the superhero, and she will achieve her personal form of justice through whatever means necessary, even if that means bending (and possibly breaking) a few rules in order to do so.19
    Throughout the movie, it is shown that Catwoman has a fairly combative fighting style compared to the other Gotham Sirens, which is fitting, seeing as Athena was a female war goddess amongst her other traits. Catwoman repeatedly claws, kicks, punches, and assaults the villainous characters, showing that she is not afraid to get aggressive, an attribute that Athena would admire for its tenacity as well as the skill involved in such a fighting style, along with being an attribute that ties her to the goddess once again.20
The third talking point for Catwoman and Athena’s association is the way both of them are “born”. Athena’s mother Metis was swallowed by Zeus in fear that Metis would produce a more powerful son than himself, and while inside of him, she created a robe and helmet for her daughter. The hammering of the helmet caused Zeus great headaches to the point where Hephaestus ran to his father and split his skull open with a hatchet. From his head emerged Athena, fully grown, in her mother’s helmet and robe, implying that Metis died whilst inside him, and that Athena emerged alone.21 Patience Phillips was murdered by Hedare Beauty when she found out about their plan to release the anti-aging product and reborn as Catwoman thanks to new life being breathed into her by a cat inhabited by the Egyptian goddess Bast.22 While this connection may seem like a stretch at best, there is a connection there; both Athena and Catwoman were “born” because of someone else’s murder. In Athena’s case, the murder of her mother Metis, and in Catwoman’s case, the murder of her alter-ego Patience Phillips.
The Greek goddess Persephone and the character of Harley Quinn share a few similarities as well, the main link between the two of them being the relationships they both fall into. Persephone was kidnapped by Hades and forced to become his bride, making her a goddess of the underworld. Even after Demeter realized where Persephone was and asked Zeus to intervene, Hades still managed to keep Persephone for his own, requiring that she spend two thirds of the year with him down in the underworld.23 Harley Quinn, on the other hand, was a psychiatrist originally that ended up falling in love with her patient, The Joker, and essentially being dragged into his world of madness. Even when her friends Poison Ivy and Catwoman try to tell her that the relationship is no good for her and that The Joker will continue to abuse and use her the way he has, Harley finds that there is no good solution to her problem because she loves him so much, and thus there is no escape for her. It is to the point where Ivy, in one panel, states that “[The Joker] tried to kill you!”, to which Harley responds “That just proves he wants me back!” after a fight the lovers had had.24 This proves how entrenched in his life he is, and furthers her link to Persephone in that she has no escape except to Poison Ivy (who is linked to Persephone’s mother Demeter) and Catwoman, symbolic of the few months a year that Persephone can escape to live with Demeter out of the underworld.
These two mirror each other almost startlingly in storyline as well as physical attributes. Persephone is described as being “such a beautiful young woman that everyone loved her,” in her myth.25 Harley, concurrently, is described and portrayed as “blonde, blue eyed, and bubbly,” a classic beauty in every sense of the word.26
Between Harley Quinn being tied to Persephone and Athena to Catwoman, one would think the associations would become stagnant for lack of evidence. That, however, is not the case. As for who the third Gotham Siren, Poison Ivy, is tied to, it is none other than Demeter. Demeter and the character of Poison Ivy are tied together in perhaps the simplest of ways thus far: their symbols. Demeter was a Greek Earth goddess who controlled the bringing forth of grain, fruit, and vegetables along with other fruits of the soil.27 Poison Ivy is often portrayed covered in and controlling vines and flowers, showing that she has a fair amount of pull over how and when things grow, just as Demeter did.28
Another way the two of them are connected is through the idea of fertility. Demeter, along with being an Earth goddess, was also a fertility goddess that looked over not just the fertility of the Earth, but also that of the women who lived there.29 Poison Ivy takes painstaking care of her plants almost as if they are her children, which shows the link to Demeter in one way. The other way is the fact that Poison Ivy is often the most scantily clad of the Gotham Sirens with a fair amount of her cleavage open to public viewing due to her costume choice. And though this is not the most obvious tie between the two of them, it portrays a fair amount of female sensuality, which is quite often linked to the idea of fertility.30
The final way these two can be connected is the motherly attributes of both of them. Demeter was Persephone’s mother and, when she went missing, she searched tirelessly in an attempt to find her daughter again.31 Poison Ivy has motherly attributes as well, as shown when she invites Harley to live with herself and Catwoman, as well as every time she attempts to persuade Harley into leaving her abusive relationship with the Joker. She has all of their best interests at heart and, thus, becomes the maternal character in all of the commotion, even if the link is not plain to see.32

Whether it be in the modern era or hundreds of years ago, humans rarely change; we as a species have always wanted something good and just to believe in to help guide us through the chaos that is our everyday lives and the tragedies that can sometimes interrupt them. And, to an extent, our solution to this problem has not changed much either. During ancient Grecian times, they created gods like Demeter, Persephone, and Athena for these purposes. In the twentieth century, we have created superheroes like Harley Quinn, Poison Ivy, and Catwoman for the same purposes as the gods were originally created to fulfill. To an extent, we even based these characters off the ones that had already existed in the lore of the past. Regardless, the superheroes we have now, while not gods by any means, still serve the same basic purpose as the goddesses of ancient Greece: protect the good, punish the wicked, and always be there to save the day.

End Notes for: Myth Repeated

End Notes
1.      Cartwright, Mark. 2013. "Greek Religion." Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited. April ll. http://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Religion/.
2.      2014. "Demeter." Greek Gods and Goddesses . September l9. http://greekgodsandgoddesses.net/goddesses/demeter/.
3.      2015. "All About Greek Gods." All About History. http://www.allabouthistory.org/Greek-Gods.htm.
4.      2015. "All About Greek Gods." All About History. http://www.allabouthistory.org/Greek-Gods.htm.
5.      Tuccinardi, Ryan. l999. "Athena." Encyclopedia Mythica. May 26. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/a/athena.html.
6.      Lindemans, Micha F. 2005. "Persephone." Encyclopedia Mythica. June 24. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/p/persephone.html.
7.      Lindemans, Micha F. 2003. "Demeter." Encyclopedia Mythica. November 25. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/d/demeter.html.
8.      Cartwright, Mark. 2013. "Greek Religion." Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited. April ll. http://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Religion/.
9.      Cartwright, Mark. 2013. "Greek Religion." Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited. April ll. http://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Religion/.
10.  Cartwright, Mark. 2013. "Greek Religion." Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited. April ll. http://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Religion/.
11.  Atsma, Aaron J. 20l5. "Panathenaia." Theoi Project. http://www.theoi.com/Festival/Panathenaia.html.
12.  Atsma, Aaron J. 20l5. "Panathenaia." Theoi Project. http://www.theoi.com/Festival/Panathenaia.html.
13.  Cartwright, Mark. 2013. "Greek Religion." Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited. April ll. http://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Religion/.
14.  n.d. "A History of Ancient Greece, Mythology." International World History Project. http://history-world.org/greek_mythology.htm.
15.  Schmidt, Katlin. 20l5. "Siren Song: A Rhetorical Analysis of Gender and Intimate Partner Violence in Gotham City Sirens." University of Nevada, Las Vegas. May. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3424&context=thesesdissertations.
16.  2002. "Polytheism - Multiplicity." Polytheism. http://www.polytheism.net/.
17.  2014. "Demeter." Greek Gods and Goddesses . September l9. http://greekgodsandgoddesses.net/goddesses/demeter/.
18.  Schmidt, Katlin. 20l5. "Siren Song: A Rhetorical Analysis of Gender and Intimate Partner Violence in Gotham City Sirens." University of Nevada, Las Vegas. May. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3424&context=thesesdissertations.
19.  2004. Catwoman. Directed by Pitof. Performed by Halle Berry.
20.  2004. Catwoman. Directed by Pitof. Performed by Halle Berry.
21.  Tuccinardi, Ryan. l999. "Athena." Encyclopedia Mythica. May 26. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/a/athena.html.
22.  2004. Catwoman. Directed by Pitof. Performed by Halle Berry.
23.  Lindemans, Micha F. 2005. "Persephone." Encyclopedia Mythica. June 24. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/p/persephone.html.
24.  Schmidt, Katlin. 2015. "Siren Song: A Rhetorical Analysis of Gender and Intimate Partner Violence in Gotham City Sirens." University of Nevada, Las Vegas. May. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3424&context=thesesdissertations.
25.  Lindemans, Micha F. 2005. "Persephone." Encyclopedia Mythica. June 24. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/p/persephone.html.
26.  Schmidt, Katlin. 2015. "Siren Song: A Rhetorical Analysis of Gender and Intimate Partner Violence in Gotham City Sirens." University of Nevada, Las Vegas. May. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3424&context=thesesdissertations.
27.  Lindemans, Micha F. 2003. "Demeter." Encyclopedia Mythica. November 25. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/d/demeter.html.
28.  Schmidt, Katlin. 2015. "Siren Song: A Rhetorical Analysis of Gender and Intimate Partner Violence in Gotham City Sirens." University of Nevada, Las Vegas. May. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3424&context=thesesdissertations.
29.  Lindemans, Micha F. 2003. "Demeter." Encyclopedia Mythica. November 25. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/d/demeter.html.
30.  Schmidt, Katlin. 2015. "Siren Song: A Rhetorical Analysis of Gender and Intimate Partner Violence in Gotham City Sirens." University of Nevada, Las Vegas. May. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3424&context=thesesdissertations.
31.  2014. "Demeter." Greek Gods and Goddesses . September 19. http://greekgodsandgoddesses.net/goddesses/demeter/.

32.  Schmidt, Katlin. 2015. "Siren Song: A Rhetorical Analysis of Gender and Intimate Partner Violence in Gotham City Sirens." University of Nevada, Las Vegas. May. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3424&context=thesesdissertations.